Teknologi informasi

21.15 | Label: Halal

Teknologi informasi

Teknologi Informasi (TI), atau dalam bahasa Inggris dikenal dengan istilah Information technology (IT) adalah istilah umum untuk teknologi apa pun yang membantu manusia dalam membuat, mengubah, menyimpan, mengomunikasikan dan/atau menyebarkan informasi. TI menyatukan komputasi dan komunikasi berkecepatan tinggi untuk data, suara, dan video. Contoh dari Teknologi Informasi bukan hanya berupa komputer pribadi, tetapi juga telepon, TV, peralatan rumah tangga elektronik, dan lain lain.

Sejarah

Pada awal sejarah, manusia bertukar informasi melalui bahasa. Maka bahasa adalah teknologi, bahasa memungkinkan seseorang memahami informasi yang disampaikan oleh orang lain tetapi itu tidak bertahan secara lama karena Setelah ucapan itu selesai, maka informasi yang berada di tangan si penerima itu akan dilupakan dan tidak bisa disimpan lama. Selain itu jangkauan suara juga terbatas.
Setelah itu teknologi penyampaian informasi berkembang melalui gambar. Dengan gambar jangkauan informasi bisa lebih jauh. Gambar ini bisa dibawa-bawa dan disampaikan kepada orang lain. Selain itu informasi yang ada akan bertahan lebih lama. Beberapa gambar peninggalan zaman purba masih ada sampai sekarang sehingga manusia sekarang dapat (mencoba) memahami informasi yang ingin disampaikan pembuatnya.
Ditemukannya alfabet dan angka arabik memudahkan cara penyampaian informasi yang lebih efisien dari cara yang sebelumnya. Suatu gambar yang mewakili suatu peristiwa dibuat dengan kombinasi alfabet, atau dengan penulisan angka, seperti MCMXLIII diganti dengan 1943. Teknologi dengan alfabet ini memudahkan dalam penulisan informasi itu.
Kemudian, teknologi percetakan memungkinkan pengiriman informasi lebih cepat lagi. Teknologi elektronik seperti radio, televisi, komputer mengakibatkan informasi menjadi lebih cepat tersebar di area yang lebih luas dan lebih lama tersimpan.

Informasi umum

Informasi dan Teknologi komunikasi 2005

TI adalah bidang pengelolaan teknologi dan mencakup berbagai bidang yang termasuk tetapi tidak terbatas pada hal-hal seperti proses, perangkat lunak komputer, sistem informasi, perangkat keras komputer, bahasa program , dan data konstruksi. Singkatnya, apa yang membuat data, informasi atau pengetahuan yang dirasakan dalam format visual apapun, melalui setiap mekanisme distribusi multimedia, dianggap bagian dari TI. TI menyediakan bisnis dengan empat set layanan inti untuk membantu menjalankan strategi bisnis: proses bisnis otomatisasi, memberikan informasi, menghubungkan dengan pelanggan, dan alat-alat produktivitas.
TI melakukan berbagai fungsi (TI Disiplin/Kompetensi) dari meng-instal Aplikasi untuk merancang jaringan komputer dan Database informasi. Beberapa tugas yang TI lakukan mungkin termasuk manajemen data, jaringan, rekayasa perangkat keras komputer, database dan desain perangkat lunak, serta manajemen dan administrasi sistem secara keseluruhan. Teknologi informasi mulai menyebar lebih jauh dari konvensional komputer pribadi dan teknologi jaringan, dan lebih ke dalam integrasi teknologi lain seperti penggunaan ponsel, televisi, mobil, dan banyak lagi, yang meningkatkan permintaan untuk pekerjaan .
Di masa lalu, para (Dewan Akreditasi untuk Engineering dan Teknologi) dan Asosiasi untuk mesin komputasi telah bekerjasama untuk membentuk akreditasi dan standar kurikulum untuk program degrees di Teknologi Informasi sebagai bidang studi dibandingkan dengan Ilmu Komputer and Sistem Informasi. SIGITE (Special Interest Group for IT Education) adalah kelompok kerja ACM untuk mendefinisikan standar ini. Pendapatan layanan TI di seluruh dunia sebesar $ 763.000.000.000 pada tahun 2009.

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Output device

01.45 | Label: Halal

Output Device

An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to communicate the results of data processing carried out by an information processing system (such as acomputer) which converts the electronically generated information into human-readable form.

Display devices

A display device is an output device that visually conveys text, graphics, and video information. Information shown on a display device is called soft copy because the information exists electronically and is displayed for a temporary period of time. Display devices include CRT monitors, LCD monitors and displays, gas plasma monitors, and televisions.

Input/output

Inputs are the signals or data received by the system, and outputs are the signals or data sent from it.

There are many input and output devices such as multifunction printers and computer-based navigation systems that are used for specialised or unique applications. In computing, input/output refers to the communication between an information processing system(such as a computer), and the outside world. Inputs are the signals or data received by the system, and outputs are the signals or data sent from it.

Types of output

Some types of output are text, graphics, tactile, audio, and video. Text consists of characters (letters, numbers, punctuation marks, or any other symbol requiring one byte of computer storage space) that are used to create words, sentences, and paragraphs. Graphics are digital representations of nontext information such as drawings, charts, photographs, and animation (a series of still images in rapid sequence that gives the illusion of motion). Tactile output such as raised line drawings may be useful for some individuals who are blind. Audio is music, speech, or any other sound. Video consists of images played back at speeds to provide the appearance of full motion.

Graphics (Visual)

Graphical output displayed on ascreen.

A digital image is a numeric representation of an image stored on a computer. They don't have any physical size until they are displayed on a screen or printed on paper. Until that point, they are just a collection of numbers on the computer's hard drive that describe the individual elements of a picture and how they are arranged.Some computers come with built-in graphics capability. Others need a device, called a graphics card or graphics adapter board, that has to be added. Unless a computer has graphics capability built into the motherboard, that translation takes place on the graphics card. Depending on whether the image resolution is fixed, it may be of vectoror raster type. Without qualifications, the term "digital image" usually refers to raster images also called bitmap images. Raster images that are composed of pixels and is suited for photo-realistic images. Vector images which are composed of lines and co-ordinates rather than dots and is more suited to line art, graphs or fonts. To make a 3-D image, the graphics card first creates a wire frame out of straight lines. Then, it rasterizes the image (fills in the remaining pixels). It also adds lighting, texture and color.

Tactile

Haptic technology, or haptics, is a tactile feedback technology which takes advantage of the sense of touch by applying forces, vibrations, or motions to the user. Severalprinters and wax jet printers have the capability of producing raised line drawings. There are also handheld devices that use an array of vibrating pins to present a tactile outline of the characters or text under the viewing window of the device.

Audio

Speech output systems can be used to read screen text to computer users. Special software programs called screen readers attempt to identify and interpret what is being displayed on the screen and speech synthesizers convert data to vocalized sounds or text.

Examples

These examples of output devices also include input/output devices. Printers and visual displays are the most common type of output device for interfacing to people, but voice is becoming increasingly available.

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Input device

01.30 | Label: Halal

Input device

A common computer input device, akeyboard. A user presses keys and transfers by that information to a computer.

In computing, an input device is a peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment) used to provide data and control signals to aninformation processing system such as a computer or other information appliance. Examples of input devices include keyboards, mouse,scanners, digital cameras and joysticks.

Many input devices can be classified according to:

modality of input (e.g. mechanical motion, audio, visual, etc.)
the input is discrete (e.g. key presses) or continuous (e.g. a mouse's position, though digitized into a discrete quantity, is fast enough to be considered continuous)
the number of degrees of freedom involved (e.g. two-dimensional traditional mice, or three-dimensional navigators designed for CADapplications)

Pointing devices, which are input devices used to specify a position in space, can further be classified according to:

Whether the input is direct or indirect. With direct input, the input space coincides with the display space, i.e. pointing is done in the space where visual feedback or the pointer appears. Touchscreens and light pens involve direct input. Examples involving indirect input include the mouse and trackball.
Whether the positional information is absolute (e.g. on a touch screen) or relative (e.g. with a mouse that can be lifted and repositioned)

Direct input is almost necessarily absolute, but indirect input may be either absolute or relative.^{[clarification needed]} For example, digitizing graphics tablets that do not have an embedded screen involve indirect input and sense absolute positions and are often run in an absolute input mode, but they may also be set up to simulate a relative input mode like that of a touchpad, where the stylus or puck can be lifted and repositioned.

Input and output devices make up the hardware interface between a computer and a scanner or 6DOF controller.

Keyboards

A 'keyboard' is a human interface device which is represented as a layout of buttons. Each button, or key, can be used to either input a linguistic character to a computer, or to call upon a particular function of the computer. Traditional keyboards use spring-based buttons, though newer variations employ virtual keys, or even projected keyboards. It is typewriter like device composed of a matrix of switches.

Examples of types of keyboards include:

Pointing devices

A computer mouse

Pointing devices are the most commonly used input devices today. A pointing device is any human interface device that allows a user to input spatial data to a computer. In the case of mice and touchpads, this is usually achieved by detecting movement across a physical surface. Analog devices, such as 3D mice, joysticks, or pointing sticks, function by reporting their angle of deflection. Movements of the pointing device are echoed on the screen by movements of the pointer, creating a simple, intuitive way to navigate a computer's GUI.

High-degree of freedom input devices

Some devices allow many continuous degrees of freedom as input. These can be used as pointing devices, but are generally used in ways that don't involve pointing to a location in space, such as the control of a camera angle while in 3D applications. These kinds of devices are typically used in CAVEs, where input that registers 6DOF is required.

Composite devices

Wii Remote with attached strap

Input devices, such as buttons and joysticks, can be combined on a single physical device that could be thought of as a composite device. Many gaming devices have controllers like this. Technically mice are composite devices, as they both track movement and provide buttons for clicking, but composite devices are generally considered to have more than two different forms of input.

Imaging and input devices

Microsoft Kinect sensor seen here on a TV, works by detecting human motion visually

Video input devices are used to digitize images or video from the outside world into the computer. The information can be stored in a multitude of formats depending on the user's requirement.

Medical Imaging

Audio input devices

Audio input devices are used to capture sound. In some cases, an audio output device can be used as an input device, in order to capture produced sound.

Microphones
MIDI keyboard or other digital musical instrument

Punched Card devices

See Punched card input/output.

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